Studies demonstrating that to induce deconsolidation / reconsolidation, a mismatch or prediction error experience is required in addition to reactivation of the target learning
Last updated: 19 June 2022
Full references are listed below the table. Researchers' early conclusion that memory deconsolidation and reconsolidation are induced by memory reactivation alone has been shown by these studies to be incorrect.
Year
Authors
Species
Memory Type
Design and Findings
Year
2004
Authors
Pedreira et al.
Species
Crab
Memory
Type
Type
Contextual fear memory
Design
And
Findings
And
Findings
Learned fear response can be erased by chemical blockade (bicuculline and cycloheximide) only after memory reactivation is accompanied by memory mismatch experience (prediction error).
Year
2005
Authors
Frenkel et al.
Species
Crab
Memory
Type
Type
Contextual fear memory
Design
And
Findings
And
Findings
New experience modifies memory expression only if preceded by a memory mismatch experience.
Year
2005
Authors
Galluccio
Species
Human
Memory
Type
Type
Operant conditioning
Design
And
Findings
And
Findings
Reactivated memory is erased by new learning only if a novel contingency is also experienced.
Year
2005
Authors
Rodriguez-Ortiz et al.
Species
Rat
Memory
Type
Type
Taste recognition memory
Design
And
Findings
And
Findings
Novel taste following reactivation allows memory disruption by anisomycin.
Year
2006
Authors
Morris et al.
Species
Rat
Memory
Type
Type
Spatial memory of escape from danger
Design
And
Findings
And
Findings
Reactivation allows disruption of original memory by anisomycin only if learned safe position has been changed, creating mismatch of expectation.
Year
2006
Authors
Rossato et al.
Species
Rat
Memory
Type
Type
Spatial memory of escape from danger
Design
And
Findings
And
Findings
Reactivation allows disruption of original memory by anisomycin only if learned safe position has been changed, creating mismatch of expectation.
Year
2007
Authors
Forcato et al.
Species
Human
Memory
Type
Type
Declarative memory
Design
And
Findings
And
Findings
Memory of syllable pairings learned visually is destabilized and impaired by new learning only if, after reactivation by presentation of context, presentation of a syllable to be paired does not occur as expected, creating mismatch.
Year
2007
Authors
Rossato et al.
Species
Rat
Memory
Type
Type
Object recognition memory
Design
And
Findings
And
Findings
Memory is disrupted by anisomycin only if reactivated in presence of novel object.
Year
2008
Authors
Rodriguez-Ortiz et al.
Species
Rat
Memory
Type
Type
Spatial memory of escape from danger
Design
And
Findings
And
Findings
Reactivation allows disruption of original memory by anisomycin only if learned safe position has been changed, creating mismatch of expectation.
Year
2009
Authors
Forcato et al.
Species
Human
Memory
Type
Type
Declarative memory
Design
And
Findings
And
Findings
Memory of syllable pairings learned visually is destabilized and lost only if, after reactivation, the expected opportunity to match syllables does not occur, creating mismatch.
Year
2009
Authors
Perez-Cuesta & Maldonado
Species
Crab
Memory
Type
Type
Contextual fear memory
Design
And
Findings
And
Findings
Reactivated learned expectation of visual threat must be sharply disconfirmed for memory to be erased by cycloheximide.
Year
2009
Authors
Winters et al.
Species
Rat
Memory
Type
Type
Object recognition memory
Design
And
Findings
And
Findings
Memory is erased by MK-801 only if reactivated in presence of novel contextual features.
Year
2010
Authors
Forcato et al.
Species
Human
Memory
Type
Type
Declarative memory
Design
And
Findings
And
Findings
Memory of syllable pairings learned visually destabilizes and incorporates new information only if, after reactivation, the expected opportunity to match syllables does not occur, creating mismatch.
Year
2011
Authors
Coccoz et al.
Species
Human
Memory
Type
Type
Declarative memory
Design
And
Findings
And
Findings
Memory of syllable pairings learned visually destabilizes, allowing a mild stressor to strengthen memory, only if, after reactivation, the expected opportunity to match syllables does not occur, creating mismatch.
Year
2012
Authors
Caffaro et al.
Species
Crab
Memory
Type
Type
Contextual fear memory
Design
And
Findings
And
Findings
New experience modifies memory expression only if preceded by a memory mismatch experience.
Year
2012
Authors
Sevenster et al.
Species
Human
Memory
Type
Type
Associative fear memory (classical conditioning)
Design
And
Findings
And
Findings
Reactivated fear memory is erased by propranolol only if prediction error is also experienced.
Year
2013
Authors
Balderas et al.
Species
Rat
Memory
Type
Type
Object recognition memory
Design
And
Findings
And
Findings
Only if memory updating is required does reactivation trigger memory destabilization and reconsolidation, allowing memory disruption by anisomycin.
Year
2013
Authors
Barreiro et al.
Species
Crab
Memory
Type
Type
Contextual fear memory
Design
And
Findings
And
Findings
Only if memory reactivation is followed by unexpected, mismatching experience is the memory eliminated by glutamate antagonist.
Year
2013
Authors
Díaz-Mataix et al.
Species
Rat
Memory
Type
Type
Associative fear memory (classical conditioning)
Design
And
Findings
And
Findings
Reactivated fear memory is erased by anisomycin only if prediction error is also experienced.
Year
2013
Authors
Reichelt et al.
Species
Rat
Memory
Type
Type
Goal-tracking memory
Design
And
Findings
And
Findings
Target memory reactivated with prediction error was destabilized and then disrupted by MK-801, but not if brain's prediction error signal was blocked.
Year
2013
Authors
Sevenster et al.
Species
Human
Memory
Type
Type
Associative fear memory (classical conditioning)
Design
And
Findings
And
Findings
Reactivated fear memory is erased by propranolol only if prediction-error-driven relearning is also experienced.
Year
2014
Authors
Exton-McGuinness et al.
Species
Rat
Memory
Type
Type
Instrumental memory (operant conditioning)
Design
And
Findings
And
Findings
Memory for lever pressing for sucrose pellet was disrupted and erased by MK-801 only if the reinforcement schedule during reactivation was changed from fixed to variable ratio, creating prediction error.
Year
2014
Authors
Sevenster et al.
Species
Human
Memory
Type
Type
Associative fear memory (classical conditioning)
Design
And
Findings
And
Findings
Reactivated fear memory is disrupted and erased by propranolol only if prediction-error-driven relearning is also experienced.
Year
2015
Authors
Alfei et al.
Species
Rat
Memory
Type
Type
Contextual fear memory
Design
And
Findings
And
Findings
Reactivated fear memory is disrupted and erased by midazolam only if reactivation conditions involve prediction error (a temporal prediction error in this study).
Year
2015
Authors
Das et al.
Species
Human
Memory
Type
Type
Alcohol appetitive memory
Design
And
Findings
And
Findings
Hazardous drinkers experienced new learning, consisting of alcohol-specific cues paired with intensely aversive experiences, which resulted in reduced attentional bias to and reduced liking of alcohol-related stimuli and a reduced positive expectancy of alcohol, only if prior to the new learning, reactivation of alcohol craving was accompanied by prediction error in the form of sharp violation of expectation of consuming alcohol.
Year
2015
Authors
Jarome et al.
Species
Rat
Memory
Type
Type
Contextual fear memory
Design
And
Findings
And
Findings
Reactivated fear memory is disrupted and erased by a protein synthesis blocker only if reactivation conditions include a novel contextual feature (mismatch/prediction error).
Year
2016
Authors
Forcato et al.
Species
Human
Memory
Type
Type
Declarative memory
Design
And
Findings
And
Findings
Recall of memorized items is impaired, revealing destabilization, only when a memory mismatch (prediction error) accompanies reactivation.
Year
2016
Authors
López et al.
Species
Crab
Memory
Type
Type
Contextual fear memory
Design
And
Findings
And
Findings
Learned fear response can be erased by chemical blockade (bicuculline and cycloheximide) only after memory reactivation is accompanied by prediction error.
Year
2018
Authors
Chen et al.
Species
Human
Memory
Type
Type
Associative fear (classical conditioning)
Design
And
Findings
And
Findings
First study showing that prediction error is necessary in order for behavioral updating to nullify threat memory. Reinforcement on every other learning trial allowed testing of various reactivations having well-defined amounts and types of mismatch relative to the acquisition training. No updating when mismatch was zero or very large. Full annulment with prediction error caused by salient but moderate mismatch.
Year
2018
Authors
Gotthard et al.
Species
Rat
Memory
Type
Type
Appetitive odor memory
Design
And
Findings
And
Findings
Learned appetitive response is impaired by post-reactivation injection of cycloheximide to block protein synthesis only if memory reactivation is accompanied by prediction error.
Year
2018
Authors
Sinclair et al.
Species
Human
Memory
Type
Type
Complex episodic memory
Design
And
Findings
And
Findings
Reactivated episodic memory is vulnerable to interference by subsequent experiences only if reactivation is accompanied by prediction error, and the degree of interference increases with the degree of prediction error.
Year
2019
Authors
Ferrara et al.
Species
Rat
Memory
Type
Type
Associative fear
Design
And
Findings
And
Findings
A main neuromolecular marker of memory destabilization was detected only if a novelty accompanied memory reactivation, and novelty also caused alterations of the amygdala's response to reactivation.
Year
2019
Authors
Junjiao et al.
Species
Human
Memory
Type
Type
Associative fear (classical conditioning)
Design
And
Findings
And
Findings
Acquired fear response is nullified by counter-learning only if prediction error accompanies reactivation of the fear memory, confirmed by fMRI brain images.
Year
2021
Authors
Chen et al.
Species
Human
Memory
Type
Type
Associative fear (classical conditioning)
Design
And
Findings
And
Findings
Only if first reactivated with prediction error is the threat memory updated and nullified by counter-learning. A more strongly uncertain threat contingency requires a stronger mismatch in order to create adequate PE for updating to occur.
Year
2021
Authors
Gonzales et al.
Species
Rat
Memory
Type
Type
Object recognition memory
Design
And
Findings
And
Findings
Only if memory reactivation is accompanied by a novel object is the memory destabilized and disrupted by anisomycin.
Year
2022
Authors
Beisel et al.
Species
Human
Memory
Type
Type
Declarative memory
Design
And
Findings
And
Findings
Only if memory reactivation is accompanied by a violation of expectation does a post-reactivation stressor impair later retrieval of a neutral word list memory and accompany retrieval with emotional distress.
Alfei, J. M., Ferrer Monti, R. I., Molina, V. A., Bueno, A.M., Urcelay, G.P. (2015). Prediction error and trace dominance determine the fate of fear memories after post-training manipulations. Learning & Memory, 22, 385-400. doi: 10.1101/lm.038513.115
Balderas, I., Rodriguez-Ortiz, C. J., & Bermudez-Rattoni, F. (2013). Retrieval and reconsolidation of object recognition memory are independent processes in the perirhinal cortex. Neuroscience, 253, 398-405. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.09.001
Barreiro, K. A, Suárez, L. D., Lynch, V. M., Molina, V. A., & Delorenzi, A. (2013). Memory expression is independent of memory labilization/reconsolidation. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 106, 283-91. doi: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.10.006
Beisel, J.M.S., Maza, F.J., Justel, N., Larrosa, P.N.F., & Delorenzi, A. (2022). Embodiment of an emotional state concurs with a stress-induced reconsolidation impairment effect on an auditory verbal word-list memory. Neuroscience. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.04.012
Caffaro, P. A., Suarez, L. D., Blake, M. G., & Delorenzi, A. (2012). Dissociation between memory reactivation and its behavioral expression: scopolamine interferes with memory expression without disrupting long-term storage. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 98, 235-245. doi: 10.1016/j.nlm.2012.08.003
Chen, W., Li, J., Caoyang, J., Yang, Y., Hu, Y., & Zheng, X. (2018). Effects of prediction error on post-retrieval extinction of fear to compound stimuli. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 50(7), 739-749. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2018.00739
Chen, W., Li, J., Xu, L., Zhao, S., Fan, M., & Zheng X. (2021). Destabilizing different strengths of fear memories requires different degrees of prediction error during retrieval. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 14, 598924. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2020.598924
Coccoz, V., Maldonado, H., & Delorenzi, A. (2011). The enhancement of reconsolidation with a naturalistic mild stressor improves the expression of a declarative memory in humans. Neuroscience, 185, 61-72. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.04.023
Das, R. K., Lawn, W., & Kamboj, S. K. (2015). Rewriting the valuation and salience of alcohol-related stimuli via memory reconsolidation. Translational Psychiatry, 5:e645. doi: 10.1038/tp.2015.132
Díaz-Mataix, L., Ruiz Martinez, R. C., Schafe, G. E., LeDoux, J. E., & Doyère, V. (2013). Detection of a temporal error triggers reconsolidation of amygdala-dependent memories. Current Biology, 23, 1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.01.053
Exton-McGuinness, M. T. J., Patton, R. C., Sacco, L. B., & Lee, J. L. C. (2014). Reconsolidation of a well-learned instrumental memory. Learning & Memory, 21, 468-477. doi:10.1101/lm.035543.114
Ferrara, N. C., Trask, S., Pullins, S. E., & Helmstetter, F. J. (2019, in press). The dorsal hippocampus mediates synaptic destabilization and memory lability in the amygdala in the absence of contextual novelty. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 21. Journal pre-proof available online 26 September 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107089
Forcato, C., Argibay, P. F., Pedreira, M. E., & Maldonado, H. (2009). Human reconsolidation does not always occur when a memory is retrieved: The relevance of the reminder structure. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 91, 50-57. doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2008.09.011
Forcato, C., Bavassi, L., De Pino, G., Fernández, R. S., Villarreal, M. F., & Pedreira, M. E. (2016). Differential left hippocampal activation during retrieval with different types of reminders: An fMRI study of the reconsolidation process. PLoS ONE 11(3):e0151381. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0151381
Forcato, C., Burgos, V. L., Argibay, P. F., Molina, V. A., Pedreira, M. E., & Maldonado, H. (2007). Reconsolidation of declarative memory in humans. Learning & Memory, 14, 295-303. doi: 10.1101/lm.486107
Forcato, C., Rodríguez, M. L. C., Pedreira, M. E., & Maldonado, H. (2010). Reconsolidation in humans opens up declarative memory to the entrance of new information. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 93, 77-84. doi: 10.1016/j.nlm.2009.08.006
Frenkel, L., Maldonado, H., & Delorenzi, A. (2005). Memory strengthening by a real-life episode during reconsolidation: an outcome of water deprivation via brain angiotensin II. European Journal of Neuroscience, 22, 1757-1766. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04373.x
Galluccio, L. (2005). Updating reactivated memories in infancy: I. Passive- and active-exposure effects. Developmental Psychobiology, 47, 1-17. doi: 10.1002/dev.20073
Gonzalez, M. C., Rossato, J. I., Radiske, A., Bevilaqua, L. R. M., & Cammarota, M. (2021). Dopamine controls whether new declarative information updates reactivated memories through reconsolidation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(29), e2025275118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2025275118
Gotthard, G. H., Kenney, L., & Zucker, A. (2018). Reconsolidation of appetitive odor discrimination requires protein synthesis only when reactivation includes prediction error. Behavioral Neuroscience, 132(3), 131-137. doi:10.1037/bne0000242 (/doi/10.1037/bne0000242)
Jarome, T. J., Ferrara, N. C., Kwapis, J. L., & Helmstetter, F. J. (2015). Contextual information drives the reconsolidation-dependent updating of retrieved fear memories. Neuropsychopharmacology, 40, 3044-3052. doi: 10.1038/npp.2015.161
Junjiao, L., Wei, C., Jingwen, C., Yanjian, H., Yong, Y., Liang, X., Jing, J., & Xifu, Z. (2019). Role of prediction error in destabilizing fear memories in retrieval extinction and its neural mechanisms. Cortex, 121, 292-307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2019.09.003
López, M. A., Santos, M. J., Cortasa, S., Fernández, R. S., Tano, M. C., & Pedreira, M. E. (2016). Different dimensions of the prediction error as a decisive factor for the triggering of the reconsolidation process. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 136, 210-219. doi: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.10.016
Morris, R. G., Inglis, J., Ainge, J. A., Olverman, H. J., Tulloch, J., Dudai, Y., & Kelly, P. A. (2006). Memory reconsolidation: Sensitivity of spatial memory to inhibition of protein synthesis in dorsal hippocampus during encoding and retrieval. Neuron, 50, 479-489. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.04.012
Pedreira, M. E., Pérez-Cuesta, L. M., & Maldonado, H. (2004). Mismatch between what is expected and what actually occurs triggers memory reconsolidation or extinction. Learning & Memory, 11, 579-585. doi: 10.1101/lm.76904
Pérez-Cuesta, L. M., & Maldonado, H. (2009). Memory reconsolidation and extinction in the crab: Mutual exclusion or coexistence? Learning & Memory, 16, 714-721. doi: 10.1101/lm.1544609
Reichelt, A. C., Exton-McGuinness, M. T., & Lee, J. L. (2013). Ventral tegmental dopamine dysregulation prevents appetitive memory destabilisation. Journal of Neuroscience, 33, 1420514210. doi: 10.1523/ JNEUROSCI.1614-13.2013
Rodriguez-Ortiz, C. J., De la Cruz, V., Gutierrez, R., & Bermidez-Rattoni, F. (2005). Protein synthesis underlies post-retrieval memory consolidation to a restricted degree only when updated information is obtained. Learning & Memory, 12, 533-537. doi: 10.1101/lm.94505
Rodriguez-Ortiz, C. J., Garcia-DeLaTorre, P., Benavidez, E., Ballesteros, M. A., & Bermudez-Rattoni, F. (2008). Intrahippocampal anisomycin infusions disrupt previously consolidated spatial memory only when memory is updated. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 89, 352-359. doi: 10.1016/j.nlm.2007.10.004
Rossato, J. I., Bevilaqua, L. R. M., Medina, J. H., Izquierdo, I., & Cammarota, M. (2006). Retrieval induces hippocampal-dependent reconsolidation of spatial memory. Learning & Memory, 13, 431-440. doi: 10.1101/lm.315206
Rossato, J. I., Bevilaqua, L. R. M., Myskiw, J. C., Medina, J. H., Izquierdo, I., & Cammarota, M. (2007). On the role of hippocampal protein synthesis in the consolidation and reconsolidation of object recognition memory. Learning & Memory, 14, 36-46. doi: 10.1101/lm.422607
Sevenster, D., Beckers, T., & Kindt, M. (2012). Retrieval per se is not sufficient to trigger reconsolidation of human fear memory. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 97, 338-45. doi: 10.1016/j.nlm.2012.01.009
Sevenster, D., Beckers, T., & Kindt, M. (2013). Prediction error governs pharmacologically induced amnesia for learned fear. Science, 339, 830-833. doi: 10.1126/science.1231357
Sevenster, D., Beckers, T., & Kindt, M. (2014). Prediction error demarcates the transition from retrieval, to reconsolidation, to new learning. Learning & Memory, 21, 580-584. doi: 10.1101/lm.035493.114
Sinclair, A. H., & Barense, M. D. (2018). Surprise and destabilize: Prediction error influences episodic memory reconsolidation. Learning & Memory, 25, 369-381. doi:10.1101/lm.046912.117
Winters, B. D., Tucci, M. C., & DaCosta-Furtado, M. (2009). Older and stronger object memories are selectively destabilized by reactivation in the presence of new information. Learning & Memory, 16, 545-553. doi: 10.1101/lm.1509909
Balderas, I., Rodriguez-Ortiz, C. J., & Bermudez-Rattoni, F. (2013). Retrieval and reconsolidation of object recognition memory are independent processes in the perirhinal cortex. Neuroscience, 253, 398-405. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.09.001
Barreiro, K. A, Suárez, L. D., Lynch, V. M., Molina, V. A., & Delorenzi, A. (2013). Memory expression is independent of memory labilization/reconsolidation. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 106, 283-91. doi: 10.1016/j.nlm.2013.10.006
Beisel, J.M.S., Maza, F.J., Justel, N., Larrosa, P.N.F., & Delorenzi, A. (2022). Embodiment of an emotional state concurs with a stress-induced reconsolidation impairment effect on an auditory verbal word-list memory. Neuroscience. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.04.012
Caffaro, P. A., Suarez, L. D., Blake, M. G., & Delorenzi, A. (2012). Dissociation between memory reactivation and its behavioral expression: scopolamine interferes with memory expression without disrupting long-term storage. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 98, 235-245. doi: 10.1016/j.nlm.2012.08.003
Chen, W., Li, J., Caoyang, J., Yang, Y., Hu, Y., & Zheng, X. (2018). Effects of prediction error on post-retrieval extinction of fear to compound stimuli. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 50(7), 739-749. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1041.2018.00739
Chen, W., Li, J., Xu, L., Zhao, S., Fan, M., & Zheng X. (2021). Destabilizing different strengths of fear memories requires different degrees of prediction error during retrieval. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 14, 598924. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2020.598924
Coccoz, V., Maldonado, H., & Delorenzi, A. (2011). The enhancement of reconsolidation with a naturalistic mild stressor improves the expression of a declarative memory in humans. Neuroscience, 185, 61-72. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.04.023
Das, R. K., Lawn, W., & Kamboj, S. K. (2015). Rewriting the valuation and salience of alcohol-related stimuli via memory reconsolidation. Translational Psychiatry, 5:e645. doi: 10.1038/tp.2015.132
Díaz-Mataix, L., Ruiz Martinez, R. C., Schafe, G. E., LeDoux, J. E., & Doyère, V. (2013). Detection of a temporal error triggers reconsolidation of amygdala-dependent memories. Current Biology, 23, 1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.01.053
Exton-McGuinness, M. T. J., Patton, R. C., Sacco, L. B., & Lee, J. L. C. (2014). Reconsolidation of a well-learned instrumental memory. Learning & Memory, 21, 468-477. doi:10.1101/lm.035543.114
Ferrara, N. C., Trask, S., Pullins, S. E., & Helmstetter, F. J. (2019, in press). The dorsal hippocampus mediates synaptic destabilization and memory lability in the amygdala in the absence of contextual novelty. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 21. Journal pre-proof available online 26 September 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107089
Forcato, C., Argibay, P. F., Pedreira, M. E., & Maldonado, H. (2009). Human reconsolidation does not always occur when a memory is retrieved: The relevance of the reminder structure. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 91, 50-57. doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2008.09.011
Forcato, C., Bavassi, L., De Pino, G., Fernández, R. S., Villarreal, M. F., & Pedreira, M. E. (2016). Differential left hippocampal activation during retrieval with different types of reminders: An fMRI study of the reconsolidation process. PLoS ONE 11(3):e0151381. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0151381
Forcato, C., Burgos, V. L., Argibay, P. F., Molina, V. A., Pedreira, M. E., & Maldonado, H. (2007). Reconsolidation of declarative memory in humans. Learning & Memory, 14, 295-303. doi: 10.1101/lm.486107
Forcato, C., Rodríguez, M. L. C., Pedreira, M. E., & Maldonado, H. (2010). Reconsolidation in humans opens up declarative memory to the entrance of new information. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 93, 77-84. doi: 10.1016/j.nlm.2009.08.006
Frenkel, L., Maldonado, H., & Delorenzi, A. (2005). Memory strengthening by a real-life episode during reconsolidation: an outcome of water deprivation via brain angiotensin II. European Journal of Neuroscience, 22, 1757-1766. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04373.x
Galluccio, L. (2005). Updating reactivated memories in infancy: I. Passive- and active-exposure effects. Developmental Psychobiology, 47, 1-17. doi: 10.1002/dev.20073
Gonzalez, M. C., Rossato, J. I., Radiske, A., Bevilaqua, L. R. M., & Cammarota, M. (2021). Dopamine controls whether new declarative information updates reactivated memories through reconsolidation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(29), e2025275118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2025275118
Gotthard, G. H., Kenney, L., & Zucker, A. (2018). Reconsolidation of appetitive odor discrimination requires protein synthesis only when reactivation includes prediction error. Behavioral Neuroscience, 132(3), 131-137. doi:10.1037/bne0000242 (/doi/10.1037/bne0000242)
Jarome, T. J., Ferrara, N. C., Kwapis, J. L., & Helmstetter, F. J. (2015). Contextual information drives the reconsolidation-dependent updating of retrieved fear memories. Neuropsychopharmacology, 40, 3044-3052. doi: 10.1038/npp.2015.161
Junjiao, L., Wei, C., Jingwen, C., Yanjian, H., Yong, Y., Liang, X., Jing, J., & Xifu, Z. (2019). Role of prediction error in destabilizing fear memories in retrieval extinction and its neural mechanisms. Cortex, 121, 292-307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2019.09.003
López, M. A., Santos, M. J., Cortasa, S., Fernández, R. S., Tano, M. C., & Pedreira, M. E. (2016). Different dimensions of the prediction error as a decisive factor for the triggering of the reconsolidation process. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 136, 210-219. doi: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.10.016
Morris, R. G., Inglis, J., Ainge, J. A., Olverman, H. J., Tulloch, J., Dudai, Y., & Kelly, P. A. (2006). Memory reconsolidation: Sensitivity of spatial memory to inhibition of protein synthesis in dorsal hippocampus during encoding and retrieval. Neuron, 50, 479-489. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.04.012
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Readings on
Memory Reconsolidation
Memory Reconsolidation
Chapter 2 in Unlocking the Emotional Brain explains reconsolidation research findings, how reconsolidation works, and how this knowledge translates into a process that psychotherapists can guide for dispelling a wide range of symptoms at their emotional and neural roots. The rest of the book provides many case examples.
"A primer on memory reconsolidation and its psychotherapeutic use as a core process of profound change" is an article adapted from the book, Unlocking the Emotional Brain, that was published in The Neuropsychotherapist.
For a short, introductory version of these concepts and research findings, see the January 2011 blog article, Reconsolidation: A universal, integrative framework for highly effective psychotherapy.
For a more rigorous, comprehensive account of these concepts and research findings, see the peer-reviewed journal article, Clinical Translation of Memory Reconsolidation Research in the International Journal of Neuropsychotherapy.
Another peer-reviewed journal article addresses specific, widespread misconceptions regarding memory reconsolidation: Memory Reconsolidation Understood and Misunderstood in the International Journal of Neuropsychotherapy.
The neural mechanisms that may correspond to Coherence Therapy’s process of change are described in detail in a series of three articles in the Journal of Constructivist Psychology:
Download three abstracts»
Download article 1»
Download article 2»
Download article 3»
Easy-reading articles in the Psychotherapy Networker on memory reconsolidation and how it is brought about in Coherence Therapy:
Unlocking the Emotional Brain»
The Brain's Rules for Change»
"A primer on memory reconsolidation and its psychotherapeutic use as a core process of profound change" is an article adapted from the book, Unlocking the Emotional Brain, that was published in The Neuropsychotherapist.
For a short, introductory version of these concepts and research findings, see the January 2011 blog article, Reconsolidation: A universal, integrative framework for highly effective psychotherapy.
For a more rigorous, comprehensive account of these concepts and research findings, see the peer-reviewed journal article, Clinical Translation of Memory Reconsolidation Research in the International Journal of Neuropsychotherapy.
Another peer-reviewed journal article addresses specific, widespread misconceptions regarding memory reconsolidation: Memory Reconsolidation Understood and Misunderstood in the International Journal of Neuropsychotherapy.
The neural mechanisms that may correspond to Coherence Therapy’s process of change are described in detail in a series of three articles in the Journal of Constructivist Psychology:
Download three abstracts»
Download article 1»
Download article 2»
Download article 3»
Easy-reading articles in the Psychotherapy Networker on memory reconsolidation and how it is brought about in Coherence Therapy:
Unlocking the Emotional Brain»
The Brain's Rules for Change»